Understanding Copays vs. Coinsurance

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Many people have heard the terms copay and coinsurance, but understanding the difference between the two can help make healthcare costs more predictable and easier to understand.

A copay is usually a fixed dollar amount paid for a specific service, such as a primary care visit, specialist appointment, or prescription. For example, you may pay a $30 copay for an office visit regardless of the total cost of the appointment.

Coinsurance works differently. Instead of paying a fixed amount, coinsurance is a percentage of the cost of a service that you are responsible for paying after meeting your deductible. For example, if your plan has a 20 percent coinsurance, you may pay 20 percent of the allowed cost for a covered service while your health plan pays the remaining amount. Out-of-network care may also result in higher out-of-pocket costs, as coinsurance percentages and allowed amounts can differ from those for in-network services.

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Why More People Are Using Telehealth

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Telehealth usage continues to grow as more individuals look for convenient and accessible healthcare options. While virtual care existed before COVID-19, the pandemic significantly accelerated its adoption as healthcare providers and patients looked for safe ways to access care remotely.

Telehealth visits have continued to increase in recent years, and many patients value the convenience and flexibility that virtual care provides. Telehealth is commonly used for primary care visits, behavioral health support, prescription refills, follow-up appointments, and other non-emergency concerns.

For many people, virtual visits reduce travel time and make it easier to fit appointments into busy schedules. A good example of when telehealth may be useful is for concerns such as conjunctivitis (pink eye), where an individual may receive care quickly without an in-person visit and have medication prescribed if necessary.

Many health plans now include telehealth services as part of their benefits, and virtual care can often be a lower-cost option than urgent care or emergency room visits for non-emergency conditions. CalCPA Health medical members have access to LiveHealth Online for virtual medical and behavioral health visits.

Individuals should check with their healthcare providers to see if telehealth options are available. It can also be helpful to review plan documents to understand how telehealth services are covered under a specific health plan, including costs and eligible services.

Understanding when telehealth is appropriate can help individuals make more informed decisions about where to receive care and may provide a convenient option for accessing healthcare when in-person visits are not necessary.

While telehealth can be helpful for many non-emergency concerns, individuals experiencing severe symptoms or medical emergencies should seek in-person or emergency care when appropriate.

Coverage and telehealth services may vary by plan and provider. Members should review their plan documents and confirm coverage details before receiving services.

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Understanding Preventive vs. Diagnostic Care

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One of the most common areas of confusion in healthcare is the difference between preventive and diagnostic care. Many people schedule what they believe is a routine preventive visit, only to later receive a bill they were not expecting.

The difference often comes down to why the service was performed and what was discussed during the visit.

Preventive care is designed to help detect or prevent health issues before symptoms appear. These services may include annual wellness visits, routine screenings, vaccinations, and certain lab tests. When completed in-network, many preventive services are covered at little to no cost under most health plans.

Diagnostic care is different. It occurs when a provider is evaluating a specific symptom, concern, condition, or follow-up issue. Once care becomes diagnostic, out-of-pocket costs such as deductibles, copays, or coinsurance may apply.

For example, an annual wellness visit scheduled as preventive care may be covered in full. However, if additional concerns are addressed during the appointment, such as ongoing headaches, stomach pain, or a new symptom, part of the visit may be billed as diagnostic care.

Similarly, a routine screening mammogram is typically considered preventive care. However, if additional imaging is needed because of a lump, pain, or another concern, those services may be considered diagnostic and billed differently. Even though the tests may seem similar, the reason they are being performed can affect how coverage is applied.

The same can apply to screenings and lab work. A routine screening completed as part of preventive care may be covered differently than a test ordered to investigate a specific medical concern.

This does not mean you should avoid asking questions or discussing your health with your provider. It simply highlights the importance of understanding how services are classified and billed.

Before an appointment, it can be helpful to ask:

  • Is this visit considered preventive or diagnostic?
  • Will any additional concerns discussed during the visit affect how it is billed?
  • Are labs or screenings covered as preventive under my plan?
  • Will I have any out-of-pocket costs?

These conversations can help you better understand your coverage and avoid unexpected surprises later.

Understanding how preventive and diagnostic care work is an important part of being an informed healthcare consumer. Health insurance can feel complicated but asking questions and learning how your plan works can help you make more confident decisions about your care.

Preventive care remains one of the best ways to support long-term health and identify potential concerns early. Staying proactive, scheduling routine visits, and understanding your benefits can help you make the most of your health plan throughout the year.

Note: Coverage, billing, and preventive care classifications vary by plan and provider. Members should review their plan documents and confirm coverage details before receiving services.

 

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Health Insurance Premiums Skyrocketing = Blame the Health Insurance Companies

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By Ron Lang, CEO, CalCPA Health (June 2026 issue of CalBroker Magazine)

Over the past 18 months, health insurance premiums have risen at levels not seen since the early days of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). For consumers, the conclusion feels obvious: insurance companies must be driving up premiums.

But that conclusion overlooks how the system actually works.

Consumers, and often the media, see only the end result: higher premiums. Meanwhile, hospitals, physicians, and pharmaceutical manufacturers largely escape the same level of scrutiny. Health insurers, for their part, have not always been effective at communicating their role in managing these costs.

The reality is that today’s premium increases are the result of multiple factors converging at once, each pushing the total cost of care higher.

 

Why Premiums Are Rising Faster Now

High-Cost (“Nuclear”) Claims

Extremely expensive cases are reshaping the total cost curve. Gene therapies can exceed $2 million for a single treatment, and other breakthrough treatments come with million-dollar price tags. These innovations miraculously improve patients’ lives, but their costs ultimately flow through to premiums.

Prescription Drug Spending

Drug costs continue to outpace overall medical inflation. More individuals are taking medications for more conditions, and specialty drugs, particularly in oncology and rare diseases, carry annual costs in the hundreds of thousands of dollars.

GLP-1 medications, used for diabetes and weight management, are a prime example: high utilization combined with high cost is materially impacting trend.

A decade ago, prescription drugs accounted for less than 10% of total healthcare spending. Today, that figure has doubled to around 20%, a shift driven not by traditional inflation, but by the rise of specialty therapies and high-cost chronic treatments. Prescription drugs, while still a minority of total spend, are now one of the fastest-growing components of overall healthcare costs.

While generics and biosimilars continue to provide savings in some categories, those gains are frequently offset by the introduction of newer, higher-cost therapies. GLP-1 utilization is further accelerating this trend.

Increased Utilization Across the Board

People are simply using more healthcare. Rising rates of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and autoimmune conditions are driving more physician visits, diagnostic testing, hospitalizations, and prescriptions. When utilization increases, total costs, and therefore premiums, follow.

Wage and Price Pressures in Healthcare

Healthcare is labor-intensive. Hospitals and physician groups are facing sustained wage pressure for nurses, physicians, and skilled technicians. Many provider contracts renew on multi-year cycles, meaning recent inflation is only now being reflected in negotiated reimbursement rates.

The “Regulatory Stack”

New state and federal mandates, while often well-intentioned, add incremental cost. Recent examples in California include expanded IVF coverage requirements and caps on insulin cost-sharing. Each mandate adds to what some refer to as the “regulatory stack,” while each mandate may be a small percentage increase to premiums, together and over time, they add a material amount.  Meanwhile, legislation that would actually reduce costs, rarely seems to be enacted.

Why Health Insurance Companies Look the Way They Do

Consumers and employers wanting the lowest possible premiums have shaped what health insurers look like. Many of the features consumers associate with “insurance friction” were originally designed by health insurance companies to control doctor/hospital behavior and costs; and protect patients from unnecessary or overpriced care.

These include:

  • Prior authorization and utilization review
  • Second surgical opinions
  • Provider networks that negotiate discounted rates
  • Case management and billing oversight
  • Preferred Provider Networks (and HMO’s)

Care delivered outside of PPO/HMO networks typically lacks these cost and safety controls, which is why out-of-network services are often significantly more expensive.

On the pharmacy side, Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBMs) deploy tools such as formularies, generic substitution, step therapy, and manufacturer rebates to slow the growth of drug spending. These mechanisms are often criticized, but without them, costs would be significantly higher.

Built-In Limits on Insurance Company Profits

It is also important to understand that health insurers operate under explicit profit constraints. Under federal law (ACA), medical loss ratio (MLR) requirements leave a set percentage (15 or 20%) for insurance carrier expenses, including profit.  Failure to meet MLR thresholds results in premium rebates, thereby limiting carrier profits.  This structure effectively caps margins and ties insurer profitability to overall healthcare spending. When costs rise, premiums must follow, not to increase profits, but to cover claims.

Bottom Line

Health insurers are often the most visible part of the system, but they are not the primary drivers of cost increases. In many ways, they function as financial intermediaries, aggregating and managing the underlying costs generated elsewhere in the healthcare system.

California’s Health Care Affordability Council was chartered to cap premiums and healthcare spending, but to date, has had little measurable effect on overall costs. If the goal is to meaningfully address rising premiums, the focus must be on the drivers of healthcare cost: provider/hospital costs, pharmaceutical pricing, and regulatory design.

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How Trump’s “One Big Beautiful Bill” Impacts Health Savings Accounts

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Trump’s “One Big Beautiful Bill” (OBBB), passed on July 4, 2025, initially promised significant changes to Health Savings Accounts (HSAs). However, the final version of the legislation contained modest updates to HSA policy. Current HSA holders get to keep what they have, but significant reforms such as extending eligibility to those on Medicare or relaxing contribution restrictions, were abandoned in negotiations. Instead, the bill primarily focuses on restructuring Medicaid and welfare programs, implementing work mandates, and providing tax credits tied to families and newborn savings accounts.

Health Saving Accounts were thought to have a larger presence in the bill that would have placed HSAs as a centerpiece of healthcare funding and provided areas for growth by softening regulations of who can contribute, such as those on Medicare Part A.  Without eligibility expansion, HSAs remain mostly unchanged, and tax-advantaged growth remains limited to current users.

Here’s a breakdown of what changes OBBB brings to HSA plans:

  • If you are enrolled in a Bronze or Catastrophic ACA plan, you are now eligible to contribute to HSAs starting January 1, 2026.
  • HSA funds can be used for Direct Primary Care (DPC) arrangements. DPCs typically follow the model of a monthly fee, which covers office visits prior to meeting the HDHP deductible. With OBBB, these monthly fees now fall under qualified HSA expenses if they do not exceed $150/month for an individual or $300/month for families.
  • First-dollar coverage for telehealth services no longer disqualifies HSA status, which allows plans to provide low or no-cost telehealth services before satisfying your deductible if you are enrolled in a qualified HDHP without using your HSA contributions.

HSAs remain a useful tool for eligible taxpayers and serve as a tax-savings vehicle.

Triple Tax Advantage

  • Pre-tax Contributions – Money goes in tax-free, reducing your taxable income
  • Tax-free Growth – Funds grow tax-deferred through interest and/or investments (no capital gains)
  • Tax-Free Withdrawals – As long as funds are used for qualified medical expenses, withdrawals are tax-free

Saving for the Future

  • You can invest your HSA balance (once you hit a threshold set by your carrier, allowing it to grow like a retirement account)
  • Can be used in retirement tax-free for medical expenses, or after age 65, for any reason (income taxes apply only if not used for qualifying healthcare expenses)

HSA funds roll over year-to-year, and don’t have a use-it-or-lose-it rule like Flexible Spending Accounts (FSAs). Additionally, you can use your HSA funds for a wide range of expenses, including copays, prescriptions, dental and vision care, mental health services, and certain over-the-counter items (such as pain relievers, allergy medications, and first-aid supplies). Lastly, you OWN your HSA – it stays with you if you change jobs or retire. You control how and when it is used, allowing you to learn how they work and ensure you make the most out of the account.

While the “One Big Beautiful Bill” fell short of delivering the HSA expansion many had hoped for, it did make some notable improvements. It’s clear that Health Savings Accounts remain one of the most innovative tools for managing healthcare costs, both now and in the future. In today’s uncertain and costly healthcare environment, understanding and maximizing your HSA is essential.  For those enrolled in an HSA, remember, it isn’t just a spending account — it’s a strategy.

Posted by CalCPA Health | July 2025

 

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